Antibiotics And Children Essays - Medicine, Health,

Antibiotics And Children A very important issue concerning the children of today is the excess prescribing of antibiotics and the dangers that are being created. Everyday, more and more children are being prescribed any easy solution to a very tough problem. There is a constant push from pharmaceutical companies, parents, and massive marketing companies to try the next antibiotic remedy, but as we look towards the future and the diseases that can be created by this quick fix, we should turn to our attention to alternatives remedies. What is so terrible about this situation is that the worst-case scenario of the effects of the mass doses of antibiotics they ingest is an untreatable bacterium that is immune to the treatments we are aware of. That may not sound so bad until you think about the number of children around the world that could die from this bacterium. It would most definitely be a catastrophic event if a portion of the earth's population at that early of an age were to be erased. It would be a human-induced bubonic plague of the twenty-first century and it is really not that far from becoming a reality. In a study done in 1992, there were over sixty million different oral antibiotic prescriptions were giving to people under the age of fifteen years old (Napoli). The extensiveness of antibiotic options coupled with their widespread use in pediatric patients highlight the importance of pharmacists having a thorough familiarity with pediatric antibiotic therapy. Also, problems may arise in treating children under the age of two because of their immature immune system, lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for pediatric use of many antibiotics and limited data supporting therapy courses of less than ten days (Napoli). Also, an added complication of the treatment of the patient is the willingness, ability to follow the regimen, and the understanding of the importance of completing the therapy. Before filling the prescription for the appropriate medication, physicians need to be aware of common pediatric infections and their recommended antibiotic therapy. It is important to remember that most upper respiratory infections are viral and that antibiotics would be futile in the attempt to treat such an infection (Berger). This will only strengthen the resistance of bacterial pathogens, limiting the efficacy of the available antibiotic treatments. Common pediatric infections include otitis media (OM), skin and skin-structure infections, pharyngitis, bronchitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Napoli). Most antibiotic prescriptions that are issued each year go to children under the age of six. This is also the age group that is most susceptible to the high-resistance strain of bacteria (Drugs and Biotech). Recently, bacteria that commonly infect children and adults (like streptococcus pneumonia and staph) have become progressively resistant to antibiotics (Napoli). Widespread, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has created highly resistant bacteria. Some children who could normally be treated with a single course of antibiotics have to be treated with two or more courses. Some who could have been previously treated with an oral antibiotic at home now have to be admitted to hospitals and treated with intravenous antibiotics (More Drugs ?). Infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria are much more common in high income, white, suburban children under the age of 6, who have received an antibiotic in the last three months and attend childcare (More Drugs ?). These children are much more likely to visit their doctor and are at greater risk of receiving an antibiotic than populations that are medically underserved (Drugs and Biotech). As stated before, antibiotics are effective only in bacterial infections and not in viral infections. If you take one hundred children with a fever, on average ninety of them will have a viral infection and ten of them a bacterial one (Berger). Unfortunately, antibiotics will do nothing to lessen the symptoms or to hasten the resolution of the viral infections. The problem could be easily solved if the doctors would just explain this to the parents instead of letting them push for more and more antibiotics (More Drugs ?). In fact, studies show that doctors are more likely to prescribe an antibiotic when the parent pushes for that drug. Parents, on the other hand, say that doctors are not taking the time to explain when children

Business Law essays

Business Law essays INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION A. What is International Arbitration? 1. Defining Characteristics of Commercial Arbitration 2. Special Characteristics of International Commercial Arbitration 3. Legal Framework for International Commercial Arbitration 5. International Arbitration Agreements B. An Overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages of International C. An Overview of Leading International Arbitration Institutions and Rules a. International Chamber of Commerce International Court Of Arbitration c. London Court of International Arbitration D. An Introduction to International Treaties and Conventions Concerning International Commercial Arbitration 1. Geneva Protocol of 1923 and Geneva Convention of 1927 3. The Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration 5. Iran-United States Claims Tribunal E. Choice Of Law in International Commercial Arbitration 1. Importance of Choice of Law Issues in International Arbitration 2. Overview Of Law Applicable to the Substance of the Parties Dispute 3. Overview of Law Applicable to the Arbitration Agreement 4. Overview of Law Applicable to the Arbitration Proceedings F. U.S. Legislation Concerning International Commercial Arbitration 1. Relevance of National Arbitration Legislation 2. Introduction to the Federal Arbitration Act and Other Sources G. Overview of Foreign Arbitration Statutes 1. Less Supportive National Arbitration Legislation 2. Supportive National Arbitration Legislation H. International Efforts at Harmonization of Arbitration Statutes and Rules 1. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 3. IBA Supplementary Rules of Evidence 4. ABA/AAA and IBA Code of Arbitrations Ethics I. Sources of Information About International Arbitration 1. ICCA Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration 2. Mealeys International Arbitration Report 4. Journal du Droit Intern...

EU&Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EU&Middle East - Essay Example â€Å"According to a recent Euro barometer poll, only one third of people in the UK feel both British and European, while two thirds think of themselves as being just British† (Figel, p.3). Jean Monnet, one of the main founders of the European Union, agrees that the cultural differences impede the EU integration; â€Å"If I could seize a fresh opportunity for the political integration of Europe, I would start from culture and not from the economy† (Dudt, p.3). There are many several different religions in European countries, including Roman Catholicism,  Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism,  Sunni Islam, Shia Islam,  Judaism and Buddhism. All of these religious entities are different in terms of their traditions, beliefs and ideologies, which has a great influence on the cultures and lifestyles of their followers. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in Europe, with followers mostly in the countries of Latin Europe and Eastern Europe. Orthodox Christians are heavily populated in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Greece whereas Protestant Christians are found mainly in countries of Western Europe, including Denmark, Germany, Finland, Sweden etc. Despite these extreme cultural diversities, most of the European countries were able to assemble under the flag of EU, what enabled them to increase both the national economic growth and their bargaining power in the global trade activities. The countries of the Middle East, especially the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman), are traditionally goof trading partners of Europe. The Gulf Cooperation Council, a political and economic union which involves all the Gulf countries, is the EU’s fifth largest export market and the European Union is for the Gulf region the second most important trading partner (Gulf region, 2010). The statistics from 2009 reveal that the total EU trade with the Gulf cooperation council amounts to 79.7 billion eu ro. The EU’s Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which provides developing countries with reduced tariffs for their goods when entering the European market, enables all six Gulf countries to benefit from preferential access to the EU market (Gulf region, 2010). With the EU exports of goods to the Gulf region estimated at 57,8 billion euro, and EU import of goods estimated at 21.8 billion euro, both regions have developed an important economic partnership. Figure 1: GCC, Trade with the European Union Source: GCC, EU Bilateral Trade and Trade with the World, 2011. Figure 2: EU Trade with the World and EU Trade with the GCC (2009) Source: Source: GCC, EU Bilateral Trade and Trade with the World, 2011. Trade relations between the European Union and the Middle East, mostly Gulf countries, are affected by several economic, political, and cultural factors. This paper analyses the success and failures of EU’s trade tie ups with Middle East over the years. The trade relati ons between the European Union and the GCC date back to the mid-1980s. In1988, the two organizations signed the EU-GCC Cooperation Agreement, which aimed â€Å" to strengthen relations between the European Economic Community and the Gulf Countries, to broaden and consolidate their economic and technical cooperation relations, and to help strengthen the process of economic development and

Philosophy of Economics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Economics Assignment - Essay Example spect Theory is the value function which is "normally concave for gains, commonly convex for losses, and is generally steeper for losses than for gains (p. 263)† (Kahneman, 2002). According to Prospect theory, decision weights sometimes systematically differ from actual probabilities (Kahneman, 2002). For instance, there is always overweighing of very low probabilities thereby gambling on a rather unlikely event may become an attractive option. Prospect Theory uses empirical data to prove its argument (Kahneman, 2002). In trying to make the predictions, Kahneman and Tversky undertook a survey. They presented the data where a clear majority-taking consideration of two choices between two hypothetical prospects-preferred a predicted alternative even in times when strict economic rationality would clear favor the other (Kahneman, 2002). For instance, the two proponents of Prospects Theory asked their subjects to between these two economic choices. The neoclassical economics generally focuses on the choices that individuals make for purposes of consumption of goods and services (Kleinaltenkamp, & Ehret, 2006). Neoclassical focuses on the individual choices, preferences, and beliefs as well as the allocation that individual place on alternative choices (Kahneman, 2002). Through demand and supply, neoclassical economics have a standard approach to individual’s rationality in his or her ability to maximize utility or/and profit. The basis of neoclassical economics approaches are guided by three assumptions: As much as neoclassical and Prospects Theory are both economic theory and concepts, they have some different arguments (Kahneman, 2002). Neoclassical economics argues that preferences between two commodities do not depend on the consumer’s current entitlements. This behavioral concept forms the difference between these two theories (Kahneman, 2002). The neoclassic argue that Individuals maximize utility of the goods and services they consume while firms on the

The Count Down to Zero Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Count Down to Zero - Assignment Example The Count Down to Zero films by Lucy Walker illustrates how the production of the nuclear has become a global threat due to its growth in unexpected ways. Further, the discussion has been held by some leading political leaders including Tony Blair, Jimmy Carter and Plame Wilson on the elimination of nuclear weapons due to their mass killings and long lasting effect caused when nuclear weapons are used in war. Some of the arguments include, what do you hope the film will accomplish? The nuclear weapons generally need to be eliminated internationally and the film takes part in making efforts before the entire citizens of the world suffer a nuclear catastrophe (Walker Web). Through this, it is clear that the film is after saving the world, not for entertainment purposes. Did the President Obama's speech to the UN Security Council Affect the direction of the film? Walker asserts that he was greatly impressed by the president spoke in regards to the use of nuclear weapons in war. The policy of President Obama has been consistent and brilliant. Do the film of countdown call for some action? The film of countdown greatly calls for action in eliminating the use of nuclear weapons in war. The film tries to alerts people from different corners of the world to know the exact truth of using nuclear weapons on war (Walker Web). The film provides ideas of weapon inspection treaties and involving some tough issues in investigating the presence of nuclear weapons in Israel, Pakistan, and Iran.

We Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology Essay -- Argumentative

We Must Strive to Protect Privacy in Technology Technology is getting more and more complex as the years come and go. The availability of personal information is easier to access and the risk of it being tampered with is also high. As the years pass, the threat of privacy invasion gets greater and greater and easier to happen. There are several ways that privacy is able to be invaded and there will only be more to come. Americans have had their personal information given away without even knowing it. From dozens of public and private sources that have created consumer profiles, â€Å"the average American is profiled in up to 150 commercial databases† (Hinds 7). People are trying to â€Å"prohibit collection of personal information on the internet without consumer authorization† (Hinds 9). This is a very difficult thing to have happen, but it is a goal of several people who feel the same way. The amount of technology that is able to raid privacy is growing. â€Å"Every day millions of ordinary people are subject to a variety of technologies that invade their privacy† (Regan 1). Even in ...

Health and social care Essay

Explain how communication affects relationships in the work settings Depending on whether communication needs are met you can encourage an individual to participate or discourage support and trust. By making sure communication needs are met you encourage equality and promote empathy and shared understanding. Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication Consider the person you are talking to and find out their preferred method of communication by seeking out advice from their care plan or family and friends, you have to take into consideration their language, weather they use sign language, prompt cards or expressions etc. Observing the individual while they communicate will give you a good indication of their preferred method of communication. Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways. Hand gestures, voice tones, languages and touch are all methods of communication but may be interpreted or used differently with people from different backgrounds or cultures. for example i may shout to express annoyance and another individual may shout to show excitement. Identify barriers to effective communications Barriers may include: Not understanding or being aware of an individual’s beliefs, needs, wishes, values and culture. Not making communication aids available or making sure they are in working order. Being dismissive and unresponsive. Not taking the time to listen and understand, not giving the person a choice to talk in privacy and being in a noisy environment. Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively To help an individual communicate sufficiently you can obtain support from the persons GP, family/ friends, Social worker and advocate. You can ask for help also of speech and language services, translation services and interpreting services Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality Confidentiality means to keep information safe and private. You should only pass on information when having obtained consent from the individuals, on a need to no basis or when the individual is in immediate danger Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns. This may be breeching a person’s confidentiality and not respecting the individual’s right to privacy. Putting the rights of others before the individual and it could also be a safe guarding issue 50118195.CU1531 – Engage in personal development in health and social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role To support adults with physical, mental and learning disabilities to live independently, ensuring all paperwork is complete, clear and concise and in line with company guidelines. Making sure I follow care plans, and helping the individuals to achieve life goals and ambitions. Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards I am expected to adhere to the contract that my company has put in place that I signed on accepting the job role and the job description. I am expected to work within the company and legal guidelines.

Free Essays on Police Riots Of 1857

Political corruption in the 1800’s destroyed the City of New York. The combination of feuding police forces and increasing gang activity in the mid 1800’s made New York a very unsafe place. In 1857, the feuds and rivalries of the police had culminated and turned New York City into a war zone. New York State created its own police district in 1857, which compromised the city’s force. New York then had two police departments, of equal strength and each regarding the other as an outlaw force. One was Fernando Wood’s Municipal Police and the other was the state’s Metropolitan Police, headed by Frederick Talmadge. The decent people of the city began to worry, knowing that the day would soon come when they would be left alone on corrupted streets to fend for themselves. The feud raged just as the people had thought. Members of the two forces were no longer concerned with the public’s safety and became entirely tied up in their vendettas against each other. Criminals were thriving on the feud. Respectable people were now being held up at gunpoint in broad daylight. The officers would literally fight over a criminal and allow the assailant to escape while differences were settled. The city was mayhem, and was overflowing with corruption. The police riot on the steps of city hall, on June 16, 1857, was the culmination of the forces’ corruption. The Republicans at Albany shortened Mayor Fernando Wood's second term of office from two years to one while creating the Metropolitan Police Force, with Frederick Talmadge as superintendent. Talmadge demanded that Wood disband the Municipal Police and Wood refused urging his men to stand by him. Municipal superintendent George W. Matsell, 15 captains and 800 patrolmen of the Municipal Police backed Mayor Wood. 300 others abandoned him. Captain George W. Walling was one of those who pledged his loyalty to the Metropolitan Police and was rewarded by being ordered to arrest... Free Essays on Police Riots Of 1857 Free Essays on Police Riots Of 1857 Political corruption in the 1800’s destroyed the City of New York. The combination of feuding police forces and increasing gang activity in the mid 1800’s made New York a very unsafe place. In 1857, the feuds and rivalries of the police had culminated and turned New York City into a war zone. New York State created its own police district in 1857, which compromised the city’s force. New York then had two police departments, of equal strength and each regarding the other as an outlaw force. One was Fernando Wood’s Municipal Police and the other was the state’s Metropolitan Police, headed by Frederick Talmadge. The decent people of the city began to worry, knowing that the day would soon come when they would be left alone on corrupted streets to fend for themselves. The feud raged just as the people had thought. Members of the two forces were no longer concerned with the public’s safety and became entirely tied up in their vendettas against each other. Criminals were thriving on the feud. Respectable people were now being held up at gunpoint in broad daylight. The officers would literally fight over a criminal and allow the assailant to escape while differences were settled. The city was mayhem, and was overflowing with corruption. The police riot on the steps of city hall, on June 16, 1857, was the culmination of the forces’ corruption. The Republicans at Albany shortened Mayor Fernando Wood's second term of office from two years to one while creating the Metropolitan Police Force, with Frederick Talmadge as superintendent. Talmadge demanded that Wood disband the Municipal Police and Wood refused urging his men to stand by him. Municipal superintendent George W. Matsell, 15 captains and 800 patrolmen of the Municipal Police backed Mayor Wood. 300 others abandoned him. Captain George W. Walling was one of those who pledged his loyalty to the Metropolitan Police and was rewarded by being ordered to arrest...

Death Explored in The Story of an Hour essays

Death Explored in The Story of an Hour essays Death is the natural phenomena that every human will experience. Because of its unique characteristics and consequence, humans instinctively fear it. Death is so powerful and unstoppable that no one can really resist it. In Kate Chopins short story The Story of An Hour, the protagonist sits on the chair and feels that there [is] something coming to her and she [is] waiting for it (9th paragraph). The something in fact refers to death, not freedom. Firstly, the author mentions in the first sentence that Mrs. Mallards physical body is not healthy. Mrs. Mallard has a heart trouble [and] great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death. This suggests that Mrs. Mallard is vulnerable to shocks so that her sister has to be very careful about anything that may hurt her or else her heart may fail. This reveals that Mrs. Mallards heart trouble is considerably severe. In addition, Mrs. Mallards body is revealing unhealthy signals. In the fourth paragraph, she [sinks], pressed down by a physical exhaustion that [haunts] her body and [seems] to reach into her soul; this shows that she is exhausted both physically and mentally. Furthermore, the author describes that now there [is] a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze [is] fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It [is] not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought. The description reveals that Mrs. Mallard is experiencing a short period of pathological shock because of the oxygen lack in her brain result from her severe heart disease. She may not even notice these serious symptoms because she is still immersed into the joy from her husbands death. Some readers may think that the thing that is coming to Mrs. Mallard when she is resting on the chair is the freedom that she is waiting for after y...

Fear and trembling by Soren Kierkegaard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fear and trembling by Soren Kierkegaard - Essay Example In his argument, he shows that objectivity falsehood can be revealed by lack of individual obligation. Fear and trembling, written by Soren Kierkegaard provides a description of two people: knight of faith and knight of infinite resignation. According to him, knight of infinite resignation refers to an individual that has had to surrender something they dearly treasure. Among such things are loved ones or a calling that can happen due to unavoidable circumstances in the current world. An Individual in the knight of infinite resignation has to reassign to stated facts and await his death as he lies with the circumstance that renders him impossible to achieve the desired object. Never the less, the individual has hope in the afterlife and still holds on without giving up. He remains hopeful that his aspirations of the commitments that are supposed to define his life will be granted in the afterlife. In his argument in knight of faith, Kierkegaard goes beyond his description of faith pe rsonalities in knight of infinite resignation. Both interpretations of faith ensure that the prospected individual has to surrender a valuable item that they treasure and is essential in providing a meaning in their lives. However, their difference is that the knight of faith has the belief that they will posses again all that they treasured and lost, an aspect identified as the absurd’s strength. He has the trust that regaining his treasured items will not have to happen in the afterlife but in the temporality life of the finite world. On the other hand, Concluding Unscientific Postscript conceives correspondence in objects and thoughts in both transitive and symmetrical ways. Kierkegaard argues that true objects could correspond to these ideas. In depth, he explains the manner in which objective truth differs from subjective truth. Explaining that objective truth is an outer truth and subjective truth an inner truth, he shows the entire writing as a philosophical method of reasoning that has the aim of gaining truth. Although Kierkegaard elaborates on faith, his interpretation in these two writings is dissimilar. Whereas Knight of faith and knight of infinite resignation provides an account of faith in requisites of conviction in the absurd, concluding unscientific postscript proves that faith is the contradiction amid vast passion of individuals’ inwardness and the purpose uncertainty. He identifies the former aspects as the only two steps that used in the development of real faith, but states in the latter that truth is all about subjectivity. Concluding unscientific postscript is explained in a major contrast of objectivity and subjectivity. Objectivity entails science, history, speculative philosophy, and they lack any relationship with the knower’s existence. Subjectivity is not inclusive of any worldly perceptions, but involves occurrences and introspections that have a single relationship with the Creator. On the other hand, knigh t of faith and the knight of infinite resignation show major aspects of freedom related to individualism in major choices of life. Kierkegaard uses the story of a lad falling and staying in love with a princess despite knowing that his expectations are impossible in showing some choices that different people make. The knight of faith presents faith in the form of a paradox that explains the difficulties involved in reconciling with logic. This is explained using the knight of faith where logic does not appear in the manner he trusts that he will gain his commitment in the present world. However, he still holds on to his belief complying with the aspect named above: the aspect of strength of the absurd. This is considered paradoxical

21st Century Women's Health Act of 2015 Research Paper

21st Century Women's Health Act of 2015 - Research Paper Example According to Senator Murray, women living in the US are at a precarious situation as far as their reproductive health is concerned. Regardless of the fact that Obamacare has significant increased access to affordable health services that are gender based, conservative politicians from the entire nation have been persistently campaigning at the state and federal level with the aim of overturning the law that safeguards the healthcare rights of women, and they have been successful in some occasions. She further states that there has been significant progress in regards to advancement of the health of women and expansion on access to reproductive care, but there is still a lot of work that has to be done since some of the elected officials are determined to reverse the laws already created. Therefore, it can be considered that the 21st Century Women’s Health Act proposes essential means of moving forward in regards to the health of women. This new law emphasis on a number of key aspects in terms of the health care of women including their maternity services, offering support for victims of rape and sexual assault, contraception, reproductive rights, abortion as well as preventive care. Eight months after she unsuccessfully attempted to override the decision of the US Supreme Court on contraceptive coverage, Senator Patty Murray came out with another proposal that sought to safeguard access to reproductive health services by women. This wide-ranging bill will obligate the state Medicaid programs to provide comprehensive coverage for all types of birth control, necessitate hospitals to avail free emergency contraception to sexually assaulted patients while at the same time ordering studies on the manner in which state enact laws to limit access to abortions as well as other family planning methods and services. This bill seeks to reverse the laws that are considered by Senator Murray to be taking the nation backwards and dealing with the officials who are